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Statistics · AP · Collecting Data

CED focus

Potential Problems with Sampling

This topic is assessed on the AP Exam.

Multiple-choice tips

  • Identify observational vs experiment in the stem.
  • Eliminate causal language from observational designs.
  • Match sampling method vocabulary (SRS, stratified, cluster).
  • Spot voluntary response and convenience bias in MC.

Free-response tips

  • Name population, sample, and treatment in words.
  • Explain how randomization supports inference.
  • Identify confounding and how blocking might help.
  • State whether causation is justified by the design.

Common traps

  • Claiming causation from an observational study
  • Confusing stratified and cluster sampling
  • Ignoring confounding when comparing groups

Quick checklist

  • [ ] Can name the sampling or experimental design
  • [ ] Can explain why randomization matters
  • [ ] Can state whether causation is supported

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