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Statistics · AP · Inference for Categorical Data — Proportions

CED focus

Potential Errors When Performing Tests

This topic is assessed on the AP Exam.

Multiple-choice tips

  • Match procedure to parameter and design before calculating.
  • Match one-proportion vs two-proportion procedures.
  • Eliminate ‘accept H₀’ wording in MC conclusions.
  • Check Random, 10%, Large Counts on inference MC.
  • Interpret confidence level vs interval capture correctly.

Free-response tips

  • Use State–Plan–Do–Conclude with conditions and context throughout.
  • State H₀ and Hₐ in symbols and context.
  • Show conditions, formula, and calculator output with labels.
  • Conclude in context: fail to reject vs evidence against H₀.
  • Interpret a CI for a population proportion in a full sentence.

Common traps

  • ‘Accept H₀’ wording or skipping conditions
  • Saying ‘accept the null’
  • Interpreting a CI as probability about the sample
  • Skipping conditions because the calculator works

Quick checklist

  • [ ] Can state hypotheses for a proportion
  • [ ] Can check inference conditions
  • [ ] Can write a correct contextual conclusion

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