Standard syllabus
Toxicology intro · Undergraduate · Chemistry
Topics
Foundations of toxicology
- History and scope of toxicology
- Paracelsus principle: dose makes the poison
- Types of toxicology: descriptive, mechanistic, regulatory, forensic
- Exposure routes: oral, dermal, inhalation, injection
- Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) of xenobiotics
- Toxicokinetics vs toxicodynamics
- Acute vs chronic toxicity
- Local vs systemic toxicity
- Reversible vs irreversible toxic effects
- Synergism, antagonism, and potentiation
Dose–response and hazard assessment
- Dose–response curves and threshold concepts
- LD₅₀, LC₅₀, and median effective doses
- No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
- Reference dose and margin of safety
- Hormesis and low-dose effects (debate)
- Species differences and allometric scaling
- Interspecies extrapolation in risk assessment
- Sensitive subpopulations: children, elderly, pregnant
- Occupational exposure limits: PEL, TLV
- Hazard vs risk: identification, characterization, management
Mechanisms of toxicity
- Electrophilic and nucleophilic toxic reactions
- Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress
- Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage
- DNA adducts, mutations, and carcinogenesis
- Cytochrome P450 metabolism and reactive metabolites
- Phase II conjugation and toxicity modification
- Receptor-mediated toxicity: endocrine disruption
- Neurotoxicity: cholinesterase inhibitors, neurotransmitters
- Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity mechanisms
- Immunotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions
Testing and regulatory toxicology
- In vitro assays: cell culture, Ames test
- In vivo animal studies: acute, subchronic, chronic
- Alternative methods: 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement)
- Epidemiological studies and human evidence
- IARC carcinogen classification groups
- OSHA, EPA, and FDA regulatory roles
- REACH and TSCA chemical registration (overview)
- Material safety data sheets and GHS labeling
- Environmental toxicology: bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity
- Risk assessment framework: hazard identification through risk characterization
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